The Causes of Aggression :: The Frustration-Aggression Model

Aggression is difficult to define, it is a complex phenomenon, and depending upon the context the term can be made to carry either positive or negative connotations, it can be attacking behavior that may be both self-protective and self-assertive or to the infliction of injury toward oneself or toward others, to the total destruction of others. Is aggression biologically determined or the product of learning and environmental influences? This essay, will consider instinctive theory, the frustration - aggression hypothesis, and social learning theory. It should then be possible to draw a conclusion to see if any or all of the theories discussed are the cause of aggression. Brain disorders, hormonal and chemical imbalances, environmental factors, such as heat, noise, air pollution and overcrowding, although contribute to the causes of aggression will not be discussed during the course of this essay. No universally adopted definition of aggression exists, for the purpose of this discussion; the definition of Gross will be used. Gross defines aggression as: - "The intentional infliction of some form of harm on others" (Gross page 444) Freud proposed that aggression is an instinctive biological urge. According to Freud this instinct, is made up of the libido (pleasure) and "Thanatos" (the death wish) (pain). This basic instinct is present in the Id from birth, at first the aggression is relatively uncontrolled, but with t he development of the Ego and superego it becomes channeled into socially acceptable behavior If these impulses are not released periodically in safe ways, they soon reach dangerous levels capable of producing acts of violence. Sometimes it is released in the form of physical or verbal abuse against another, (where the anger is displaced onto another). Sometimes the aggressive impulse is turned inward and produces self - punishment action, even suicide. The best that can be hoped for, according to Freud, is that aggressive impulses will be "channeled into socially acceptable forms." such as football, sport etc. (Bernstein et al page 715). However, this theory does not explain why some people are aggressive and others are not, and if aggression is dissipated into sport, why is there football violence and violence at other sporting events? Lorenz, like Freud believed that aggressive energy builds up in the individual, and eventually has to be discharged in some way. Lorenz's states that aggression is the "fighting instinct" in man, and that man is naturally aggressive. This instinct developed during the course of evolution because it yielded many benefits, for example, fighting serves to disperse populations over a wide area, ensuring maximum use of resources.

Cost Accounting Essay

Questions arise as to why ABC implementation is successful in certain companies and fails in others. Based on the contingency theory, researchers have argued that the reasons for different degrees of ABC success could be due to the different contextual factors faced by each firm. These have led researchers to recognize assessing factors that influence ABC success implementation as an important research area. The following are among the research that have been carried out to examine factors that influence ABC success: Anderson [18]; Shield [3]; McGowan and Klammer [19]; Krumwiede [20]; and Anderson and Young [21] This article has two main objectives; the first objective is to identify research gaps based on the revision of previous research and the second objective is to propose theoretical research framework for current research. This article is organized as follows: Section II presents a discussion of selected articles related to factors influencing ABC implementation and gaps or limitations of previous studies and suggestions for current research are stated in the section III and IV. The framework for current research is provided in section V, Section VI defines each research variable and the final section presents the conclusion. II. PREVIOUS RESEARCH In this section, selected ABC implementation empirical 144 Abstract—In today’s advanced manufacturing and competitive environment, accurate costing information is crucial for all the kinds of businesses, such as manufacturing firms, merchandizing firms, and service firms. Argued to be superior to the traditional volume-based costing system, Activity-Based Costing system (ABC) has increasingly attracted the attention of practitioners and researchers alike as one of the strategic tools to aid managers for better decision making. The benefits of ABC system and its impacts on companies’ performance have motivated numerous empirical studies on ABC system and it is considered as one of the most-researched management accounting areas in developed countries. Previous research on ABC have examined pertinent issues related to ABC implementation such as the levels of ABC adoption in various countries, the reasons for implementing ABC, the problems related to ABC and the critical success factors influencing ABC. This paper reviews the research on ABC carried out within the last decade, from 1995-2008, and from the review research gaps are identified. Specifically, this paper examines the selection of factors influencing successful ABC implementation, variables used by previous research and the definitions and operationalization of the variables. The review reveals that past research concentrated mainly on behavioral, organizational, and technical variables as the main determinants of ABC success but very little research have been done to examine the roles of organizational culture and structure. Based on the research gaps identified, a research framework for future research is provided. Index Terms—Advanced Manufacturing Activity-Based Costing, ABC Success Environment, I. INTRODUCTION In today’s competitive and continually changing business environment, firms need to be vigilant of the impacts of the changes in the business environment and devise appropriate strategies to survive and prosper. Advancements in manufacturing and communication technologies have drastically changed the ways businesses conduct their activities. Adoption of advanced manufacturing technologies such as robotics and computerized manufacturing have resulted in significant changes in the manufacturing cost structure which have led academics and practitioners to argue that the traditional costing methods are no longer sufficient within this new manufacturing environment [1] (Johnson and Kaplan, 1987). This had resulted in the change from the traditional volume-based cost model to new costing methods such as Activity Based Costing (ABC) [2]. Due to its ability in providing more accurate costing information and enhancing firms’ performance, ABC is International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, Vol. 1, No. 2, August, 2010 2010-023X studies, which spanned 1995-2008 periods, were collected from four prominent refereed accounting research journals, in management accounting field: Journal of Management Accounting Research, Accounting, Organizations and Society, Management Accounting Research and British Accounting Review. Factors used by previous research to investigate the effect on ABC success implementation are summarized, and stage of ABC implementation also is outlined. A. Technical Variables Early studies of ABC adoption and implementation undertaken by previous researchers concentrated on technical factors, such as identification of main activities, selection of cost drivers, problem in accumulating cost data. Example of these research are Cooper [9], Morrow and Connelly [22]. However, technical factors alone may not be adequate to explain the factors influencing ABC success implementation. Cooper et al. [23] argued that the key problem during ABC implementation stage is that companies only focus on technical factors. They suggested that to make ABC implementation more effective, non-technical factors such as involvement of non-accounting in ABC implementation process, top management championship, adequate training program to employees about the objectives and benefits of ABC should be emphasized as well. Similar opinions were expressed by Shield [3] and Shields and McEwen [14]. Shield (1995) found no significant relationship between technical factors and ABC success. Shields and McEwen [14] also highlighted that sole emphasis on the architectural and software design of ABC systems leads to the failure of ABC implementation. Therefore many researchers have suggested that new variables should be considered to investigate factors influencing ABC success. B. Contextual, Behavioral and Organizational Variables Recognizing the research gaps in identifying factors that may affect ABC success, academicians shifted their focuses from technical factors to other variables, such as contextual, behavioral and organizational, culture, as well as organizational structure. Anderson [18] conducted a longitudinal investigation of ABC process in General Motor (GM) from a period of 1986 to 1993. In his research, he examined the effects of organizational variables and contextual variables, and segmented ABC implementation into four major stages, initiation, adoption, adaptation and acceptance. He found that organizational factors, such as top management support and training for the ABC system affected various stages of ABC significantly, while contextual variables, such as competition, relevance to managers’ decisions and compatibility with existing systems produced different degree of impact on different stages of ABC. Shield [3] examined the relationships between diversity of behavioral, organizational and technical factors and the success of ABC implementation. She employed Shield and Young’s [24] framework and summarized behavioral and organizational variables as top management support, adequate resources, training, link ABC system to performance evaluation and compensation, non-accounting ownership, link ABC to competitive strategies as well as clarity of ABC objectives. She found that top management support, linkage to quality initiatives and to personal performance measure (pay/appraisal), implementation of training and resource adequacy were the significant predictors in explaining ABC success. She also found that technical variables were not associated with ABC success. Shield’s findings are supported by other researchers, such as Shield and McEwen [14], who argued that a significant cause for unsuccessful implementations of ABC of several companies could be due to the emphasis of architectural and software design of the ABC system and less attention given to behavioral and organizational issues, which were identified by Shield [3]. Krumwiede and Roth [25] also stated that barriers of ABC implementation can be overcome if firms could give importance to behavioral and rganizational variables identified by Shield [3]. Similarly, Norris [26] agreed with Shield’s [3] findings that the association between ABC success and behavioral and organizational variables is stronger than with technical variables. She further highlighted that the impact of behavioral, organizational and technical should be focused at individual level. McGowan and Klammer [19] conducted a survey of 53 employees from 4 targeted sites in the U. S. o examine whether employees’ satisfaction levels are associated with ABC implementation by They also measured their perceptions of the factors associated with the degree of satisfaction, such as top management support; the degree of involvement in the implementation process; objectives clearly stated; objectives shared; training; linkage to performance evaluation system; adequate resources; information quality and preparer over user. Their results indicated that employees’ satisfaction with ABC implementation was positively related with clarity of objectives and quality of ABC information. Gosselin [15] carried out a survey of 161 Canadian manufacturing companies to examine the effects of strategic posture and organizational structure on adoption and implementation of general forms of Activity-based costing. He segmented the ABC implementation stage into adoption and implementation. The research findings showed that a prospector strategy was associated with manager decision to adopt ABC, while centralization and formalization were significantly associated with ABC success implementation. Krumwiede [20] surveyed U. S manufacturing firms to study how contextual factors, such as the potential for cost distortion or size of firms; organizational factors, such as top management support, training or non-accounting ownership, affect each stage of ABC implementation process. His findings showed that the different factors affected the various stages of implementation of ABC and the degree of importance of each factor varies according to the stage of implementation. Contextual factors, such as usefulness of cost information, IT existence, less task uncertainty and large organizations were related to ABC adoption. Moreover, organizational factors, such as top management support, non-accounting ownership, and implementation training affect ABC success implementation. 145 International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, Vol. 1, No. 2, August, 2010 2010-023X In another study by Anderson and Young [21], the relationship between organizational and contextual variables, such as organizational structures, task characteristics, management support, information technology and ABC success was examined. The result confirmed the importance of organizational factors (top management support and adequacy resources) during the ABC implementation stage. In South Africa, Sartorius et al. [27] carried out a mail survey to investigate the effect of organizational factors such as top management, adequate resources, coherence with organizational goals and strategy on ABC success. They found top management support and resources were the crucial factors in explaining ABC success. In the UK, Innes and Mitchell [4] and [12] surveyed the extent of ABC adoption among largest firms. The study aimed to find out factors influencing ABC success by using behavioral and organizational variables, and it was found that top management influenced ABC success significantly. In another study conducted by Khalid [28] using a questionnaire survey among the largest 100 firms in Saudi Arabia, ABC adoption was found to be positively related to diversity of products. In Malaysia, Ruhanita et al. [29] conducted a mail survey and a case study to examine that factors influencing ABC success, especially at adoption stage. They found the significant factors were cost distortion, decision usefulness, information technology and organizational factors. In addition, the findings showed that decision usefulness, top management support, link ABC to performance measure and compensation influenced the ABC success adoption significantly. A case study of one Chinese manufacturing firm was carried by Lana and Fei [30] in China. Their research aimed to examine some key success factors pertinent to ABC implementation within Chinese organizational and cultural setting. The research findings showed that top management support, hierarchical and communication structure and high proportion of dedicated professionals were the significant factors in determining ABC success implementation. Majid et al. [7] used a case study approach to describe the process of ABC implementation in a Malaysian service company and a Malaysian manufacturing company. In this research, they categorized ABC implementation into initiation and adoption, design, implementation and use of information. The purpose of the research was to find out the problems faced during ABC implementation, He found that the factors determining ABC success were top management support, suitable ABC software, and finally, ensuring that all affected employees understand and participate in the ABC implementation stage. And they also found that at different stages of ABC, the dominant factors influencing ABC success were also different. Colin et al. [31] adopted behavioral and organizational factors summarized by Shield (1995) to examine factors influencing the adoption and degree of success of ABC systems and determinants of that success. In their research, the targeted research population was manufacturing and service firms in the UK. They found that top management support, non-accounting ownership, adequate training provided to ABC determined the ABC success. Besides behavioral, organizational and technical variable, some researchers also indicated that the dimensions of national cultures could affect the level of ABC success [32, 33]. Brewer [32] used Hofstede’s taxonomy of work-related cultural values to examine the relationship between national culture and Activity-Based Costing system. In the study, Hofstede [34]’s work was applied to the case of Harris Semiconductor (HS), which has implemented ABC at plants in Malaysia and the USA. The results showed that the level of ABC success in Malaysia was higher than that of U. S due to high-power-distance and collectivist cultures in Malaysia. In addition, Supitcha and Frederick [33] also included national culture’s dimension into framework in a case study of one Thai state-owned enterprise’s budgeting system. They found that due to cultural differences, modifications were required when the organizations in Thailand tried to implement ABC system in Thai environment. Apart from national culture, corporate culture factors were also tested by prior research. Baird, Harrison and Reeve [17] conducted a study to investigate the relationship between the extent of ABC adoption and the organizational variables of size and decision usefulness of cost information and business unit culture. In their research, data were collected by a mail survey questionnaire and samples were randomly selected from business units in Australia. The research finding showed significant relationships between ABC adoption and decision usefulness, cultural dimensions of outcome orientation and tight verse loose control. Baird, Harrison and Reeve [16] examined the relationship between success of activity management practices and organizational factors (top management support, training, link to performance evaluation and compensation, and link to quality initiatives), and organizational culture (outcome orientation, team orientation, attention to detail, as well as innovation). They adopted a survey questionnaire method on randomly chosen business units in Australia. The findings showed that two organizational factors (top management support, link to quality initiatives) explained the variations in success of activity management practices, such as ABC, and outcome orientation and attention to detail of organizational culture were associated with ABC success. They also stressed that compared with organizational culture, organizational factors had stronger associations with the ABC.

Killer Angels By Michael Shaara - 850 Words

In the Pulitzer Prize winning civil war novel Killer Angels, Michael Shaara covers five days of the historic battle between the Northern and Southern United States at Gettysburg. Both the North and the South fought for freedom, although they did not have equivalent definitions of freedom. The North and the South were unwavering in their beliefs and their hope for a better United States, but what the two butted heads the most on was slavery. The South was a primarily agrarian region which relied heavily on the agriculture of crops like cotton and sugarcane, both of which required intense manual labor, unlike the North who was more so industrialized; however, as William Preston said, it was not cotton that was â€Å"the south’s king† but it was slavery that made them so prosperous. The South relied on slavery because having many workers to tend to these cash crops without having to pay them saved farmers and plantation owner’s money that they could use to buy more slaves that put out more work leading to more land for more crops, or to have more money to pay their taxes. Many Southerners like William Preston thought that owning other people was their divine right as white men. The Civil War was started over the North and South’s conflicting views on whether they had the â€Å"civil† right to own or not own slaves. The Northern and Southern states developed themselves much differently than one another because of their agrarian versus industrialized economy. As the states developed theyShow MoreRelatedThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1634 Words   |  7 PagesPulitzer Prize-winning author Michael Shaara, the author of The Killer Angels, was born on June 23, 1928 in Jersey City, New Jersey. He was an author of science fiction, sports fiction, and historical fiction. 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This amazing Novel shows how neighborRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara852 Words   |  4 PagesThe Killer Angels by Michael Shaara was not just a fiction novel, it was a story of a man who actually saw the battlefield of Gettysburg and learned about the battle and its importance. When he returned from the battle sight he decided to write a novel based on his experience there. Instead of creating fictional characters he used the names and experiences he had directly with the main characters of the novel. Not only did Shaara study and review letters, documents and journal enteries of the menRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1206 Words   |  5 PagesShawn Gacy American Lit. Mrs. Moyer September 11, 2015 Summer Reading The book I chose to read over the summer was the book The Killer Angels, by Michael Shaara. The Killer Angels tells the story of the Battle of Gettysburg. 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Charles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution - 1336 Words

Charles Robert Darwin, the creator of the theory of evolution that has changed the way that we perceive the world as we know it. The naturalists think that we are all our own separate beings but the theory of evolution goes against what the naturalists think. Darwin believes that every species that exists today is just an evolution of their ancestor where we needed to adapt to different geological environments and living conditions to survive. This principle is called â€Å"Survival of the fittest† and links to the idea of natural selection which is the basic concept of evolution. The concept of natural selection is when given when a species changes to accommodate its environment to be able to survive, it can be weather conditions or even to be able to escape predators but eventually because of this the species evolves differently to be able to stay alive. Charles Darwin is the father of evolution who has shed light upon many things that help us to understand who we are and ho w we came to be today. In this paper I will be talking about his theory and how it works. The different view points about it which could be negative depending on what you believe in and further develop the concept of natural selection also evolution within itself and how different species had to evolve to adapt to the environmental conditions. Before starting on the Charles Darwin’s evolution theory I will first give background on who this man was. Born the 12th of February in 1809, Darwin wrote a veryShow MoreRelatedCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Robert Darwin was a British man who became one of the greatest contributors to the study of evolution. He was a naturalist who was able to develop a theory of evolution based on biological changes that he witnessed occurring in varieties of samples on his travels all around the world. Charles Darwin is valuable in science history, simply because he was the first geologists who had come the clos est for closing the gap on how and why biological changes occurred. The naturalist and geologistRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution801 Words   |  4 PagesThe theory of Evolution is one of the greatest intellectual revolutions of human history. It can drastically change our perception of the world and our place in it. Charles Darwin created a coherent theory of evolution and amassed a great body of evidence in support of this theory. During this time, most scientists fully believed that each organism and adaptation was the work of the creator. A fellow scientist Carl Linnaeus created a system of classifications that we still use today. Charles RobertRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory On Evolution Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pagesand how did life start, along with the creation of the universe and Earth? 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Taking a Look at Emotional Intelligence - 1524 Words

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Emotional intelligence is the capacity to recognize emotions, to reach and produce emotions in order to support a thought, to appreciate emotions and recognize the meanings of emotions, and thoughtfully control emotions in order to support both superior emotion and thought Emotional Intelligence is a technique of identifying, learning, and selecting how we assume, experience, and performs. It outlines our communications with others and knowing ourselves. Emotions are planned to provide guidance, to assist individuals when they came across with important situation to leave to mentalShow MoreRelatedWhy it is important to have emotional intelligence in the workplace1600 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Why Emotional Intelligence Is Important To Have In The Workplace MGMT 201 11/21/2013 Introduction There are many different characteristics a person needs to possess in order to be an effective leader and to be an asset to a company. 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Marketing Strategy of Breville Double-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Disucss about the Marketing Mix and Marketing Strategy for "Breville Double Boiler Coffee Machine". Answer: Introduction The purpose of producing the paper is to develop a marketing strategy report which can significantly highlight the targeting, positioning and the marketing mix for the Breville Double Boiler Coffee Machine". It is the key product which can attain huge market share and customer base by the means of effective marketing mix and brand positioning. The data has been gathered from various secondary resources which has a vital role in framing the marketing mix and marketing strategies, there were also analyzed certain issues in gathering the data such as confidentiality and privacy issues that restricted the easy access to relevant data (Gammoh, Koh and Okoroafo, 2011).In the present scenario, there is a much need of the Breville Double Boiler Coffee Machine" in both the household as well as in the restaurants and offices. And thus to meet the needs of the consumers, there is an extensive need for developing the marketing mix and marketing strategy for the product. Target segment Theone segment that is targeted to implement a marketing strategy is the psychographic segmentation. The psychographic segmentation is one the basis of the lifestyle of the individuals. The value, interest and attitude of the individuals help the marketers to classify the products and services into small groups. The psychographic segmentation is selected as the targeted segment because there are factors such as the demand for the Breville Double Boiler Coffee Machine" is depended upon the attitude and lifestyle of the people as they want to save their time as well as because of the various new and pioneering trends there is demand for the Breville Double Boiler Coffee Machine". Because of the changing lifestyles of the people there is less time with the individuals to manage the modern lifestyle they have a need of the Breville Double Boiler Coffee Machine" in managing their daily lives and routine (Solomon, 2014). It is considered as one of the best opportunity for sales because of the reason that with the changing lifestyles and shortage of time, the individuals have a need to purchase the Breville Double Boiler Coffee Machine" for having faster serving of coffee. The recommended marketing mix strategy for targeting this segment is by the means of social and digital marketing so that more and increased number of customer bases can be targeted (Wedel and Kamakura, 2012). Brand Positioning To position the brand of Breville Double Boiler Coffee Machine" in the market there is a need of brand positioning strategy which will be helpful in offering the brand a point of difference by the means of providing USP i.e. unique selling proposition. The brand positioning strategy which will be used by the brand will be differentiation and value positioning. The product has several innovative and pioneering technologies which offer the brand with benefits and advantages of differentiation and helps in effective positioning of the brand in the consumer market (Hassan and Craft, 2012).With the differentiation strategy, there is also value positioning by which the brand offers high value to its customers in comparison with the competitors products. The Breville Double Boiler Coffee Machine" offers value-priced and high quality products to the consumers for having a brand positioning in the market (Aaker, and Joachimsthaler, 2012).In the positioning map, Yellow shows Breville Double Bo iler Coffee Machine", Black is for Brewtus Espresso, Green is for premix team and coffee machine and blue is for La Cimbali Espresso Coffee Mchine. Positioning Map As per the positioning map, it has been analyzed that Breville Double Boiler Coffee Machine" stands at a very good position which shows that the quality is vet high and good position that explains that the prices are reasonable but the quality is very effective. Marketing Mix recommendations PLC and the diffusion of innovation In the Product life cycle, the product Breville Double Boiler Coffee Machine" is at the growth stage as it has already established its presence in various regions and as per the growth stage, the consumers the brand will target will be the households, the organisations, small offices and also the various cafes and restaurants so that it can also attain more customer base and market share (Kapferer, 2012). Types of consumer products The product comes under the category of unsought products as these are the products that the consumers do not have knowledge about or gain knowledge but does not usually consider buying. Such products are purchased when there are specific needs and when the consumers have appropriate knowledge about these products. Therefore, Breville Double Boiler Coffee Machine is an unsought consumer product (Akaka and Alden, 2010). Product As the product is already have touched the growth stage in the PLC, thus, there is a need to have more innovations in the product design to effectively implement and communicate the brand positioning. The product offer will possess more pioneering and innovative technologies with less energy consumption. The unique selling proposition of the product will be its innovative technology but at comparatively low prices (Jain, 2013). Place The key place targeted by the product is Australia as there is an essential need for such machines in the offices as well as in the households and the restaurants. The channels require for effective distribution of the products can be both online selling as well as by the means of having promotions by the means of campaigns so that there can be increase distribution and sales of the products by firstly informing people about the product (Hollensen, 2015). Promotion There will be an integrated marketing communication campaign that will help in promoting and advertising the brand in a more unified, consistent and clear manner. The message for the target customers in the campaign will be to have instant coffee in one go with unique flavors and taste (Armstrong, et al., 2015). To promote the product there will take use of three efficient promotional tools that comprises of: TV Commercial: To have strong brand positioning there will be taken use of the most strong channel i.e. the TV commercial so that more number of people can be targeted Sales Promotion: There will also be effective role of sales promotions tools in achieving strong bard positioning as the brand will provide free demonstration of the products and the Price Off offer to attract the customers by giving the customers some discount on the actual prices (Hassan and Craft 2012). Billboard: For attaining increased customer base and to have high promotions, there will be take use of the billboards for displaying the advertisement of the Breville Double Boiler Coffee Machine. It will result in enhanced publicity of the product (Khan, 2014). The reason behind choosing these particular promotional tools is that all these tools have an extended and strong coverage which can help the product to have rapid and effective marketing. All the three tools are highly diverse thus they will be able to target various markets and can capture diverse set of customers from various regions. These tools also assist in brand positioning as these tools helps in gaining strong market share which ultimately results in high market visibility and positioning of the brand (Varadarajan, 2010). Price For marketing the product there will be used penetration pricing as the brand positions itself through differentiation and value position by offering the product at comparatively low prices than the competitors. Thus to establish and position the brand the products are available at such prices which are affordable by the consumers (Kotler, 2012). Summary Table of Marketing Mix Mix Current what the Brand is doing now Recommendation Explain how your Recommendation will more-effectively support and communicate your Brand Positioning. Product Selling Breville Double Boiler Coffee Machine with similar technologies as of competitors To increase technology and have innovations in the product By taking use of innovative technologies and up gradations, there can be fetched attention of the new customers bases Place Some regions of Australia To cover entire Australia as well as some neighboring regions This will result in more sales and increased customer base with high visibility Promotion Using online platform and physical store and posters To take use of TV commercials, billboards and sales promotions These channels will give an extended coverage to the products which will result in fetching attention of the potential customers Price Selling at nominal prices To offer product at little low prices in comparison with the competitors This will help in fascinating increased customer base as more consumers will be able to purchase the product Conclusion From the report, it can be concluded that by having an effective and adequate implementation of the marketing mix there will be brand positioning to the set target market. It has been analyzed that the marketing mix is internally consistent as all the 4Ps are in consistence with the positioning of the product. The recommended marketing mix in context with rice will help the product to have higher market share throw low pricing. In terms of place and products, there will be increased sales in the other regions of Australia and with innovative technologies more number of consumers can be targeted. In terms of promotion, the billboards, TV commercial and sales promotion will help the product in achieving a more competitive advantage. The recommendations offered can be stated as both socially responsible as well as ethical as all the marketing mix recommendations are beneficial for the societies as comparatively the products are available at low prices. In respect with the aspect of corporate social responsibility, the marketing mix recommendations must be implement in a way that it helps the society such as by offering free samples at some NGOs and by participating in social campaigns. There should also implement a corporate compliance programs so that all the activities are socially and ethically rights. To evaluate the overall performance of the marketing mix, there must be used triple bottom line reporting according to which there will be analysis of the performance on the basis of three major levels i.e. financial, environmental and social. If at all the levels, the product met the criteria, then are considered as ethically working (Hall, 2011). References Aaker, D.A. and Joachimsthaler, E., 2012.Brand leadership.Simon and Schuster. Akaka, M.A. and Alden, D.L., 2010. Global brand positioning and perceptions: International advertising and global consumer culture.International Journal of Advertising,29(1), pp.37-56. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Gammoh, B.S., Koh, A.C. and Okoroafo, S.C., 2011. Consumer culture brand positioning strategies: an experimental investigation.Journal of Product Brand Management,20(1), pp.48-57. Hall, T.J., 2011. The triple bottom line: what is it and how does it work?.Indiana business review,86(1), p.4. Hassan, S.S. and Craft, S., 2012.Examining world market segmentation and brand positioning strategies.Journal of Consumer marketing,29(5), pp.344-356. Hassan, S.S. and Craft, S., 2012.Examining world market segmentation and brand positioning strategies.Journal of Consumer marketing,29(5), pp.344-356. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Jain, M.K., 2013. An analysis of marketing mix: 7Ps or more.Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies,1(4). Kapferer, J.N., 2012.The new strategic brand management: Advanced insights and strategic thinking. Kogan page publishers. Khan, M.T., 2014.The concept of'marketingmix'and its elements (a conceptual review paper).International journal of information, business and management,6(2), p.95. Kotler, P., 2012.Kotler on marketing.Simon and Schuster. Solomon, M.R., 2014.Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Varadarajan, R., 2010. Strategic marketing and marketing strategy: domain, definition, fundamental issues and foundational premises.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,38(2), pp.119-140. Wedel, M. and Kamakura, W.A., 2012.Market segmentation: Conceptual and methodological foundations(Vol. 8). Springer Science Business Media.

The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And free essay sample

Mr. Hyde Essay, Research Paper In the unusual instance of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: Steveson used the architecture of Dr. Jekyll s house really intelligently. The house can be regarded to be parallel to Dr. Jekyll s dual personality. Throughout the book, the house lends itself as a powerful prop, by which it is possible for Dr. Jekyll to utilize his house even when he is in the signifier of Mr. Hyde. The house, like Dr. Jekyll, has a dark side. On the front side of the house, it seems to be an elect, upper category, respectable place. However, the remainder of the house is rather the antonym. As the book described it discolored wall on the upper ; and tire in every characteristic the Markss of drawn-out and so did carelessness. Therefore the back door could be used by Mr. Hyde, with really few surmising Mr. Hyde of holding any connexion to Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jekyll. Steveson fit the architecture of the house into the narrative smartly. The house supports Dr. Jekyll s secret of being Mr. Hyde at times. The house symbolizes the dual personality of its proprietor. Therefore Dr. Jekyll and his house have parallel features. We are introduced to the back door right at the beginning of the book. The door is said to be equipped with neither bell or knocker, was blistered and distained. Along with the debut of the door is the debut of Mr. Hyde. Mr. Hyde s visual aspect is described as something displeasing, something downright abhorrent. So right from the beginning, we are cognizant of Mr. Hyde s connexion with this cryptic door. Mr. Enfield s narrative on page 2 gives a good apprehension of the fly-by-night character of Mr. Hyde. A quotation mark from the book that best describes this is The following thing was to acquire the money ; and where do you believe he carried us but to that topographic point with the door? whipped out a key, went in, and soon came back with the affair of 10 lbs in gold and a check for the balance on Coutts s, drawn collectible to bearer, and signed with a name that I can t reference. But as the narrative progresses we learn that the house belongs to Dr. Jekyll. The fact that Dr. Jekyll is merely seen in the forepart of the house, which is good equipped and respectable, brings about the contrasting characteristics of the house. This is besides a good clip to observe that this contradiction of the two sides of the house signifies that Dr. Jekyll is evidently concealing a really large secret, and that there is a large difference between his public and private individuality. Mr. Vetterson non cognizing what Mr. Hydes connexion with Dr. Jekyll is, is besides a really large hint to the fact that even when Dr. Jekyll entertains his friends at place, he merely has a certain portion of the house that he puts on show. These parts on show are chiefly the hall, which was a favored illusion of his and which was which was supposed to be one of the pleasantest suites in London ; and the dining room. So, the portion of the house that Dr. Jekyll liked to demo off were big, low roofed, and comfortable ; which is a contrast to what it seemed it may be if one saw the house fro m the dorsum. Other so this, the house seems to be, more or less, private to Dr. Jekyll. As he was a physician it was cognize that he did hold a research lab, which is non exposed till the very terminal of the book when Utterson and the pantryman interruption in to happen a dead Mr. Hyde. It is really of import to theorize on what Dr. Jekyll would hold done if he didn Ts have the convenience of holding the dorsum of his house so rundown and unlike that of the forepart of the house. There likely would hold been no manner Dr. Jekyll could hold made this differentiation between Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. And no manner he could hold been able to maintain Mr. Hyde a secret for every bit long as he did. The importance of Dr. Jekyll maintaining up his image of a respectable adult male, was more of import in those times. London, and its society must hold been really witting of category and reputability. A secret of the nature of Dr. Jekyll would hold created a dirt beyond belief in those times. This book portrays a really interesting penetration into the dual sides of human nature. Each individual has a dark side, which is brought out in different ways. Some people bring out their violent side by playing athleticss, or watching violent films. Some people find other agencies by which they can come around the darker side of their nature. But Steveson tries to demo, through this novel is that each individual has some secret individuality, and that if their life environment is excessively closed they feel like interrupting boundaries and going their phantasies, at the hazard of what other people may believe of them. Dr. Jekyll himself confessed this to Utterson in his missive after his se lf-destruction. He wrote I know myself, at the first breath of this new life, to be more wicked, tenfold more wicked, sold a slave to my original immorality ; and the idea, in that minute, braced and delighted me like vino. Steveson was seeking to state in this novel, that Dr. Jekyll was a adult male, who had ever followed the regulations of society. He was a respectable adult male, and had neer had any escapades. By going Mr. Hyde, with the aid of his cognition of scientific discipline he was fulfilling his evil side. But he could non wholly bury about society. Although Dr. Jekyll s repute was still of import to him, and he becomes a dissembler in the procedure, he found a manner to conceal his lip service and maintain his repute as it was. This is why he had to utilize his private and public individuality the manner he did. The house clearly caters to Dr. Jekyll s dual personality. Steveson uses the house as a prop throughout the book. The narrative neer would hold worked if the h ouse s architecture was non like it was. It is about excessively much of a give-away that the house was made in this manner. But no reader if the book would recognize this unless, it was thought approximately more, or studied. In decision, the house of Dr. Jekyll is much more of import so one would believe at the beginning of the book. If the architecture was non planned by Steveson the manner it was, the narrative would non hold been every bit good. Steveson used the house greatly to his advantage, and greatened the enigma of the novel.